I sure don’t want folks to get the idea I’m a big car hater, although I admit I’ve never owned one. But that’s not to say I haven’t lusted after many, especially certain ones from the 50s and 60s. So let’s take each post-war decade at a time for a QOTD, and decide which big car is the one you’d most like to have.
I do like me a bit of pep, so the 1940s car for me would have to be an Olds 88, with the brand new Rocket OHV V8 in the smaller A Body, essentially a 1949 Chevrolet with a few inches longer front end (119″ wb), and the 135 hp 303 cubic inch Rocket under the hood. And although I’m a fan of manual transmissions, I’ll take mine with the four-speed Hydramatic, as I suspect it was little or no slower than the manual, it was quite efficient, and it just seems part of the package, a glimpse of the future of American cars: V8s and automatics.
Turns out the one I found on the web is the same as the one in this ad. I’ll make a date with this honey.
The new Olds engine was instantly embraced by the go-fast crowd, which means that the parts to perk it up were available in short order, like this tri-carb induction system and the Offy valve covers. With an Isky cam and higher compression, this Rocket would be making 200+ hp in short order, thanks to its fairly well-breathing heads. Put on some wider wheels and 7.60×15 tires, and this is what I’d be rocking in in 1949.
And good luck catching me. This is what you’d be looking at as I rocketed by you.
And now you’ve got 24 hours to figure out how to catch me in the 1950s.
Update: you’re taking a time machine back to the ’40s, and this is your daily driver.
The 1947 Lincoln Zephyr the guys and I saw at Country Classics in Staunton Illinois this summer was a revelation. Red with black fenders, suicide doors, electric windows, a V12 under the hood. It had that cool fastback design the non-Continentals had. Beautiful trim.
As for space – it was huge. There was enough room to easily increase the family with the wife in that couch sized back seat. No transmission hump to interfere with your own either. Comfortable!
Woo-Hoo!
Love that Olds, though!
With a picture being worth a thousand words, here it is!
Here’s a bunch of high quality photos of one inside and out from an auction listing.
https://www.mecum.com/lots/LS0916-254083/1947-lincoln-zephyr/
Staying in the 40’s and staying with Lincoln I would like to elect the 1949 Lincoln Cosmopolitan. For one year only you could get it in fastback form too, the Town Car (!) model. Not many were made and there are very few around today. See, you can get an early 50’s style car in the forties instead of that prewar retread (which is also awesome in its own way).
The ’47 and the Cosmo as well as Cadillacs through 1953 anyway had hydraulic power windows. The 1961 style (maybe others) had hydraulic wipers run off the power steering pump. It occurs to me that the oldies didn’t have power steering. Did they just have a little electric pump in each door like a convertible top mechanism? Perfect for chopping off the kiddie’s hands hanging out the window. That’s my guess.
The hydraulic system in Lincolns involved a central motor and pump. Hydraulic hoses snaked their way into each door and attached to a cylinder that raised the window.
When the car was off lowering a window was completely silent (spring tension was used to augment gravity for lowering). Pushing the button to raise the window caused a distant pump to whirrr as the window silently raised. I was told that hydraulic leaks were common.
I have a soft spot for these owing to being around one owned by a friend’s dad. The yellow car is in stunning condition but tha color does the car no favors, it looks so much better in black.
My dad had a ’47, maroon with overdrive. I was in charge of cleaning the whitewall tires. That V-12 was a dog; car was traded in’49 for a Buick Roadmaster… straight 8. Much better vehicle.
Should anyone mention that the hydraulic system used brake fluid? Makes a different sort of mess than oil. Sposta be that modern rebuilt hydraulic systems for old cars use ATF.
BTW – Ford used a starter motor to run hydraulics. We don’t want it to stall out putting up a window.
Oh yeah, that thing was sharp! Good choice, VD.
A 1940 Plymouth Business Coupe for me, please. Around the farm, it would have to be a 1941 Ford pickup with the 9N tractor engine.
I don’t know much about 40s cars (as a child of the 70s and 80s they weren’t very common sights in salt country) but I’m partial to this Buick:
https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/curbside-classic-1948-buick-series-40-special-sedanet-a-few-inches-short-of-a-gms-greatest-hit/
As for 50s Paul, I’m guessing 55 Chevy. 🙂
For me, a 1948 Cadillac 60 special!!! Cadillac was king back then and that is what i would want to be seen in!! My second car(daily driver) would be 1949 Chevy Fleetline(love that Bentley look).
I know I picked my dad’s ’47 Cadillac, but I could go with this one, too, but one year newer, to get that new OHV engine, lighter and more efficient than the flathead. There’s just something about the ’48 and ’49 Cadillacs that looks more appealing to me than the ’50-’53 models, and the very first appearance of the famous fins.
I’ve never driven a car older than the ‘56 Chevy in which I had a few behind-the-wheel minutes in the early seventies, so I’m going to make an uninformed choice based on visual image, with a slight nod to practicality. Oh, and I’ll stick to domestic: a flathead Ford V8, either a pickup or a pre-49 wagon.
I think I would be happy with anything that had a Packard nameplate on it.
Although they were on their downhill trajectory they were far from the bottom and still had the timeless elegance that is the mark of a true Packard.
Absolutely the best choice.
Bill, it occurs to me that I may never have seen a Packard in person, and if I did it was at least 30 years ago. I need to rectify that ASAP.
With air conditioning!
It’ll have to be a pre-war Packard then, because they inexplicably didn’t offer A/C again until the ’50s. Just as well, as the ’41-’42 Clipper is lovely, as are some of the older design senior convertibles and coupes.
For me, it’s Chrysler all the way. Although I like the concepts of an OHV engine and a fully automatic transmission, the Spitfire engine, in either straight six or eight, is a proven design. It makes excellent torque and is quiet and dependable.
For the transmission, I like the standard Fluid Drive. The torque of the big 8 means I can just leave it in second gear in town for all driving. It gives most of the advantages of Hydramatic but at a fraction of the cost.
When I am ready for a new car in 1954 I might consider an OHV unit, but my mechanic has warned me they are more trouble than they are worth. Hard to work on, too.
I’ll go with a 1941 Pontiac Silver Streak. I don’t know all that much about 1940s cars, but a 40s era Pontiac was favorite of all the rusty old cars left to decay on my grandparents farm. I know the flathead straight 8 would be obsolete compared to the Olds Rocket V8, though.
Well, this one is going to be really easy for me! I would only be too proud to drive a 1947 Studebaker Commander Starlight Business Coupe, a starlet from South Bend! It was quite a rare model as I believe only about 800 were made. In addition, this represents the best of America’s first post-WWII design that wasn’t a rehash. A Packard 120 would come close but would ultimately lose out as I just prefer this one just a bit better.
Oooh, you reminded me of the 46-47 Packard Clipper, one I had forgotten about.
I thought about the postwar Commander/Land Cruiser, but the only way to get a really plus-sized South Bend Bomber was to go pre-war.
Yep, that’d be my choice too. The starlite coupe styling is just sublime
Wow, this is a tough question.
Both a 41-48 Fluid Drive Chrysler/DeSoto or a 40-41 Buick would be in the running.
But I might take this opportunity to snag a 41 or 42 Studebaker President with the last of the Stude straight eights. These big Studes (as opposed to the smaller Champions) were killed during the war.
Of course a 40-41 Continental would be something to think about if I was willing to put up with the V-12.
I shot one of these once, a ’42, and never wrote it up. A six window version. very nice car. It deserves its day here.
Ooooh, if you are lacking in motivation I would happily write it up. These have gone farther down the memory hole than most 40s cars.
It’s on the way! I don’t know why it took so long; I rather forgot about it.
I’d have to go with the 1942 Continental as well.
+1, A ’42 President Skyway Land Cruiser – a ’41 60 Special-styled sedan for half the price.
I’d take a 1941-42 Packard Clipper, which offered good performance, top-notch quality and very handsome styling.
+1,
Make it the 1942 Clipper Custom Super to have that turbine-smooth 356.
For absolute wishful Packard thinking, see below..
Is an automotive decade, the forties are pretty much “Shrouded in the Mist” for me.
Given the big jump in design & technology between pre war to post war, I’d probably only consider stuff built after 47.
While I’m sure there’s something else that might sway me, the car that comes to mind is the Tucker Torpedo.
1946 Ford Woody Wagon, with longboards on top. Rocket all you want Paul, I’d be on my leisurely way to Waikiki.
Good choice!
Have fun with the annual wood maintenance. 🙂
I forgot to add that we’re taking a time machine back to the 40s, to use these cars as our daily drivers.
Yes that’s likely quite a job. I suppose I need something to do when I’m not surfing 🙂
1942 DeSoto Fifth Avenue convertible. With the hide-away headlights.
+1!!!
(Oops! Just realized this was a convertible. Given that we’re talking daily driver, make my DeSoto a coupe.)
I have a soft spot in my heart for the 1941 Chevrolet Master Deluxe Town Sedan I had in high school. It was a great conversation piece! No good pictures of it, so I grabbed one from the web.
Another one I wish I could experience now would be my dad’s 1947 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special. I know; it’s just the 1942 version warmed over, but still. Gobs of room, big car smoothness, V-8 (if a bit underpowered flathead!), Hydra-Matic, elaborate heater system (heaters and fans under the front seat), even footrests for the passengers in the back seat. It was the first car I remember; Dad drove it till I was about 9 or so. Grabbed a photo from the Internet; Dad’s was sort of dove gray with a dark gray roof. By the time I knew the car, the finish was in truly awful shape, completely chalked.
Given free choice, Tucker.
Otherwise, 49 Cadillac convertible.
If I have to go closed car, 1947 Super Clipper.
If I had to choose just one…
The actual car an acquaintance of mine owns (sadly, it doesn’t get out of this garage often):
+1
If you warm to the styling, with impeccable engineering and build quality, pre-war quality tailored interiors, and overall bullet-proof mechanicals, the ’48-’50 22nd and 23rd Series Packards are absolute collector car bargains few know about. Grab one while you still can.
1949 GM A-body, preferably a Chevrolet sedan in poverty spec!
I guess I’m one of those who needs at least middle of the line, or top of the line. I think there was too much poverty spec and worn-out cars in my growing-up years. But that’s my opinion only.
And back then poverty spec was REALLY poverty spec.
I just love the shape of the 49-52 Chevrolet Styleline 2 door sedan and find the chrome adornments of the deluxe versions take something away from that.
A Tucker 48 ( a well sorted mid production unit)
1941 Pontiac Streamliner coupe or a 1941 Buick Special with Compound Carburetors.
I’m not sure there is such a thing as a well sorted out mid production Tucker. All the Tuckers produced were what other companies would call “pilot production” cars. According to Wikipedia only about 51 were made. Of course most of those Tuckers were either restored or rebuilt by now.
One of his demo cars would be fine. Not the Tin Goose though!
Add a 49 Merc coupe to my list.
Packard Station Sedan. The Escalade of its time.
To me it’s all about looks, and I think this ’41 Buick is gorgeous.
Don’t forget the 1949 Nash Airflyte. Its unit body, flow-through heating and ventilation, and fold-down seats put it a bit ahead of its time. Not to mention its forties-futuristic styling.
I’d be very tempted to electrify mine, if only to realize the nickname JPC came up with: Electrolyte!
Haha, I had forgotten that.
“The 1949 Nash: It’s Got What Plants Crave.”
How about a 47 Nash, suicide doors and all. I have some sentimental feelings for this one as it may be the first car to appear in a photograph with me and the beginning of a series of Nash sedans my Dad bought back in the day. We had a bathtub Ambassador as well but if it has to be a fastback (not my favorite body style) I prefer the earlier model.
I’m pretty sure we had that same stroller, or whatever they called them! Was it blue?
The car was blue, pretty sure the stroller was as well.
1948 Cadillac Series 62, the car that in my opinion, really laid the foundation for the brand’s success in the subsequent two decades. Plus, the fact that it’s styling has held up rather well is another factor as well.
If it was anything American, it would have to be a ’49 Packard with Ultramatic, preferably a ’49 Custom 8 Touring Sedan. However…anywhere else in the world…it would have to be a Daimler DB18/Consort (which was certainly billed as a large car in the colonies and in the UK).
For a daily driver, ’49 Chrysler with semi-auto. Not pretty or fast, but comfy and roomy and solid, with excellent ergonomics. Best instruments, best controls, best radio and heater.
I’d be happier in a ’40 Nash
I have pics of a Nash 600 around here somewhere that needs a write up, and it would also be a nice choice in answer to this QOTD.
I’ll go with what I know. In 1968 I daily drove 1948 chevy two door sedan. I was between cars, my grandma called me up – “Stevie! Go to your great-uncle Oscars house. Buy his car. Give him $50.” His doctor had pulled his ticket, his insurance had been cancelled. The radio was missing, it had been built without signals, the heater wasn’t worth a damn. It did run well, started easily and was comfortable. I don’t remember any problems running it on the freeway. I was law-abiding and arm-signaled in all weathers. I’d do it again, but with signals.
That’s right. No turn signals, vacuum wipers–step on the gas, watch the wipers die. Let up on the gas, watch the wipers flail crazily. No backup light, either, and the radio had been removed. It had a clock, though; wind-up! The heater was OK, in my long-ago recollection. Knowing hand signals was valuable!
Make mine a ’48 Buick Roadmaster convertible, with Dynaflow, in dark blue please. I’ll wait by the bar.
For a daily driver, please build me a sedan, same color, tan cord interior.
Graham Hollywood Supercharged.
I think I’d choose a ’48 Hudson, the first of the Step-downs. There’s a lot of nice detailing in these early ones. Make mine a fancy-trim Commodore, and I’d go with the straight-eight, because that engine type was soon to disappear – and they sound cool.
I still have my 1941 Plymouth 4 door sedan. Very smooth straight 6 engine with an estimate 20mpg for daily driving. When it was time for me to purchase a car it 1996 I told my dad I wanted a car from the 1940s I love the big fenders and the fast back look that was the style. We went to a car show and swap meet that summer and lo 2nd behold there was this 1941 Plymouth sedan amaturely restored in a dark gray almost black. Has freshly apolsterd seats in burgundy and large oversized white wall tires. The windows were not installed and there was no door panels.
My dad and I struck a deal for the car of $2300.
This was my daily driver to school and work for 2 yrs. Till I purchased a second car so I could drive in the Michigan winters.
I absolutely love the lines of the Olds, and the power of the OHV V8, but prefer a little more chrome. Make mine a 1949 Cadillac Series 62 Sedanette…like this one
In my bit of research I found an article about these, and in the comments photos of some guy’s restored fastback.
https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2018/07/23/why-the-1949-cadillac-series-62-still-surprises-and-delights
Man that’s beautiful! Thanks for the link!
That’s the car I’d go for!
Those don’t look all saggy-springs-from-factory, like the early 50s Cadillac.
For a big, daily driver I’m picking a ’48 Hudson Commodore 8 sedan. Style, practicality, and in either a six or eight you can’t go wrong.
My choice too.
Let’s see. In the 1940s in my country we’re in the midst of a huge crisis thanks to the isolation of a fascist regime and their politics of autarky. Therefore I need to be someone very rich or well connected to the regime to be able to have a “large” car. Therefore, the easiest thing to do is going to Perpignan, for example, and import – after a lot of paperwork – a beautiful Citroën Traction Avant. But with 6 cylinders (Model 15 six D) , although I will not be able to purchase gasoline easily.
Of course, if I’m the dictator myself, I can get a Rolls Royce. Although ordered in 1948, the delivery of the three cars took place in 1952.
They still exist and they belong to the Spanish Army
Were you a weight-lifting champion?
from the name “ibizaguy” I figure Franco Spain?
Make mine a 1941 Ford Super De Luxe with the V-8
I always linger around this 1947 DeSoto Suburban that lives at the Gilmore Museum in southwest Michigan. Those curves!
Just trying to be helpful:
Thanks, Michael! Photo wouldn’t upload. It’s a beauty, eh?
Well it would previously have been a Jag Mk V, in black naturally, but a 1941 Oldsmobile 98 has popped up for sale online here and it’s absolutely beautiful! I didn’t know the 98 existed back then, but the art deco design details are fantastic, and the overall look and straight-8 makes it a winner for me.
That ’41 Olds front end is one of my favourite designs ever.
I believe 1941 was actually the first year Oldsmobile used the “98” model name, although there had been a Series 90 with an 8-cylinder engine the previous year (Series 90 + 8-cylinder = “98”).
For me a ’49 Buick Roadmaster Riviera hardtop would be just right!
I’ll second your motion. That car oozes American power and confidence…
+2
and sexy too. I can see myself washing the car and my hands sliding over and massaging each curve…
A pre-war Packard.
I would love to have the non-fastback suicide door 1949 Lincoln Cosmopolitan -The look of tomorrow today.
In the early ’50s my parents had a ’41 or ’42 Chrysler Town & Country (worth a lot of money now). My mom said that huge vehicle had an electric fan mounted on the ceiling like an old School Bus!
As long as we’re wishful thinking…1940 Packard Custom Super Eight One-Eighty Sport Sedan by Darrin.
I love the contrast between the high Packard grille and the rest of the car’s sleek lines.
Oh, no mention of the 1941 Cadillac. One of the all-time Cadillac greatest hits.
Yes, a ’41 60 Special in that elegant old gold metallic, please.
Hmm… Early 1940’s… Cord Skylark. Late 1940’s… Graham Hollywood.
I think they were both built at the same time, and certainly none after WWII. It could be argued that the postwar Graham was the Kaiser or Frazer.
I was wondering if anyone was going to catch my joke…
1949 DeSoto Custom 2 door coupe. I’d get a 2 door to run about town and look for my first job after getting back from the war, if I had been in my mid-twenties at the time.
Either one of these two Buick Convertibles that JPC shot fueling up at a gas station a while back come to mind….
https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/curbside-classic-double-feature-1941-buick-super-and-1947-buick-roadmaster-the-look-of-success/
I like the cream colored one the best.
Another vote for a ’49 Olds but a ’49 Mercury would be a close second.
Love the 49 Mercury coupe, even if it wasn’t the fastest car of that era. Here’s another, which I just happened to come across last month:
The Olds 88 was so sweet. The Stepdown Hudsons were revolutionary. But my favorite car of the 40s will always be the Airfoil DeSotos of 1942
The 49 2 door Nash Ambassador please. Maybe a 49 Crosley Hotshot for fun?
I got all the way through the comments without seeing anyone pick the most influential vehicle of the 1940s. My pick would be the vehicle that did everything – almost.
Bit of a stretch to qualify as a big car. Is it, as the thread asks, the car you want to drive? I guess we’re already seeing the reaper coming for the big car. 🙂
I’d guess this was the biggest selling car for at least 3 years in the 40s. I’ll admit “big” is a stretch as to size and most models of the Jeep were classified as 1/4 ton truck with only a few classified as a combat car. But hell yeah I’d drive one of these – and did in the early 70s. Used a WWII surplus Ford GP for snow plowing. In pre-Gator days, it was maneuverable enough to plow sidewalks and driveways too tight for a pickup. Remove the wood cab in the summer, fold down the windshield and it made a great redneck sports car. The Willys flathead 4 wasn’t fast, but had a sweet smooth feel. If you value off road more than over the road, nothing could beat it.
I’m still quite partial to the Ford Club coupes from 46- 48 or the local Mercury version which used the Ford body, they were still common when I was a teen and I still like them.
Cannot argue with Paul’s choice so an 88 with those modifications for me too. From a European PoV though give me something like the Talbot-Lago below…
I´ll take this 1949 Borgward Hansa 1500.
What else?…
The choice in Austerity England is a bit thin; I’m tempted by the idea of a big Humber, but I suspect it might be quicker to walk. I’ll take a Ford V8 Pilot, which is quite big enough for British roads, has tolerable performance and boasts (I seem to recall) the biggest slab of Bakelite ever made in the UK across its dashboard.
The 1949 Ford
I find a lot of the 1940’s cars to be a bit odd looking with the super long front ends. The 49 Ford is (to me) the first modern car and like the 1961 Lincoln Continental 12 years later started a trend that all car makers went to (with the 1949 Ford, it was streamlining with integrated fenders and it’s slab sided profile. With the 1961 Conti, it was with the boxy style with NO fins that all makers went to)
It was certainly a groundbreaking shape. The only problem with the 49 Ford is that it was the 57 Plymouth of the 40s (in terms of its 2/3-baked development and its quality).
This was my original first choice, but remembered the QC issues. But what fun you could have by swapping in one of those Olds Rocket V8s!
I knew a guy in my hometown who did that to a ’51. It even had the Offy valve covers and the three carb setup like the pics in the OP. It was quick in a straight line, but God help you if you needed to turn or stop…
There’s a definite shift in styling trends from immediate pre-war to post war. The immediate pre-war cars look like they’re from the 1930’s (and most of them are) but any of the post war new cars look far different from their predecessors. This trend continued through the 1950’s and only slowed down in the 1960’s.
With contemporary cars’ styling intended to last 5-10 years, even a 15 year-old car doesn’t look terribly out of place today. Imagine comparing a 1935 model year Ford to the 1950 model year Ford. Or the 1950 Ford to the 1965 Ford. But after about that time, the styling changes start to slow down.
1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Coupe.
My grandfather restored one and it was my grandmother’s favourite car. I have lots of memories of riding in it.
When my grandfather died in the mid 90’s, my uncle went against the wishes of the rest of the family and sold it. I was in line for it, so I haven’t spoken to him since.
There is no other selection for me.
Here is the car with my grandparents in the 1970s.
I have a soft spot for relentlessly practical vehicles, so I’d want a 1949 Kaiser Traveller quasi-hatchback. Its Continental-based straight six was a proven design that put out well over 100 horsepower, it should be reasonable economical especially when equipped with the popular overdrive option, and the giant rear opening would be just the thing for hauling stuff around. However, concerns about parts availability would probably push me into a 1948 Nash 600 sedan with its folding rear seat back, economical but not gutless OHV straight six, and tidy 199.5″ length. The 1949 Nash Airflyte’s front fender skirts look like a corrosion magnet and a detriment to low-speed maneuverability.
Oh, I’ve gotten much too practical in my adult years! I would go with the 1949 Chevrolet 2 door Fleetline Deluxe, three speed manual, in a dark color-green would be nice. First of the real postwar Chevys, proven mechanicals, excellent build quality, and inspiration for the Bentley Continental. Excellent interior space, and if you need to haul more stuff you just use the pickup. We are driving in the 1940s, after all, so access to service and parts is important, and that would not be an issue for the ’49 Chevy. And a sustained 50 MPH would be plenty fast for that time, unless you lived out West. What can I say, I like the fastback.
For me, the early 50s GM fastbacks….Caddy, Olds and Buick especially.
1941 Packard 160 Convertible Deluxe, 356-cid straight eight, put out 160 hp (10 more than Cadillac’s V-8) and could push the two-ton convertible past 100 mph. After the war, once the car buying craze was over, the prewar ‘old styled’ cars sat on the back rows of used car lots, and could be had for a song. My father, who was in his early 50s at the time, used to tell us of the big car ‘dogs’ that he bought and sold in the late 40s / early 50s. He kept a custom bodied Pierce Arrow 4 door Phaeton that he bought for $100 in 1948, didn’t sell it til the mid 70s. It was restored, and took a 1st in class at Hershey, then, on the way home, the tow vehicle and trailer were in a crash, it was almost totaled, and restored again. In any case, he would recount walking the back rows of the used car lots, and seeing Duesenbergs, Cords, Big Lincolns, Cadillacs, etc, priced for 100 to 200 dollars. No one wanted those big sleds. He missed a 30s Rolls Royce for $150 by a half hour.
I’d probably go for a ’49 Olds 88 too. Nice size and good performance. I also am a big fan of the ’49 Ford, and was surprised it was hardly mentioned, but as JPC pointed out it wasn’t a paragon for quality. But then again neither of these cars are truly big cars in my eyes. Even the larger 88 is just a little over 200″ long. If I wanted to drive a truly big car from the 40’s, my choice would be a ’49 Cadillac Coupe Deville.
However, if you told me to go out and buy a 40s tomorrow, a friend of mine has a beautiful black ’41 Chevrolet Coupe for sale now, restored back to original spec in immaculate condition. Since I know the car and owner, I’d buy that one in a heartbeat.
My friend’s ’41 Chevy looks just like this, but it’s a business coupe.
1947 Packard Custom Clipper Club Sedan with Overdrive. My well off cousin had one new only about a year later in turquoise blue..
I keep wanting a european car from the ‘40’s, either an alfa 6c or a ‘49 Cisitalia 202, – but many here will cry foul that the selection was not “big” enough…..the closest I get to big is a ‘49 Jag MK V.
But I will settle for a 4 door 1940 Graham Sharknose….or the Tucker mentioned previously.